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Theory

The finite element method is basically concerned with the determination of field variables. The most important ones are the stress and strain fields. As basic measure of strain in CalculiX the Lagrangian strain tensor E is used for elastic media, the Eulerian strain tensor e is used for deformation plasticity and the deviatoric elastic left Cauchy-Green tensor is used for incremental plasticity. The Lagrangian strain satisfies ([18]):

$$E_{KL}=(U_{K,L}+U_{L,K}+U_{M,K} U_{M,L})/2,\;\;\;K,L,M=1,2,3$$ (1)

where $U_K$ are the displacement components in the material frame of reference and repeated indices imply summation over the appropriate range. In a linear analysis, this reduces to the familiar form:

$$E_{KL}=(U_{K,L}+U_{L,K})/2,\;\;\;K,L=1,2,3.$$ (2)

The Eulerian strain satisfies ([18]):

$$e_{kl}=(u_{k,l}+u_{l,k}-u_{m,k} u_{m,l})/2,\;\;\;k,l,m=1,2,3$$ (3)

where $u_k$ are the displacements components in the spatial frame of reference.

Finally, the deviatoric elastic left Cauchy-Green tensor is defined by ([54]):

$$\bar{b}^e_{kl}=J^{e-2/3}x^e_{k,K}x^e_{l,K}$$ (4)

where $J^e$ is the elastic Jacobian and $x^e_{k,K}$ is the elastic deformation gradient. The above formulas apply for Cartesian coordinate systems.

The stress measure consistent with the Lagrangian strain is the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress S. This stress, which is internally used in CalculiX for all applications (the so-called total Lagrangian approach, see [9]), can be transformed into the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress P (the so-called engineering stress, a non-symmetric tensor) and into the Cauchy stress t (true stress). All CalculiX input (e.g. distributed loading) and output is in terms of true stress. In a tensile test on a specimen with length L the three stress measures are related by:

$$t=P/(1-\epsilon)=S/{(1-\epsilon)^2}$$ (5)

where $\epsilon$ is the engineering strain defined by

$$\epsilon=dL/L.$$ (6)

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Convergent Mechanical